How do varicose veins develop?
Leg veins contain small valves that keep blood flowing one way, towards the heart. When these valves fail, blood flows backwards and pools in the veins. As pressure rises, the vein wall widens and other valves may be affected over time. This is called venous insufficiency.
It may start with spider veins and fine veins visible under the skin (reticular veins); as it progresses, raised, twisted varicose veins may appear.
Risk factors
The most important factor is inherited tendency: weakness of connective tissue and the vein wall is more common in people with a family history. Several other factors can contribute.
- Family history (genetic tendency)
- Older age
- Pregnancy and hormonal changes
- Hormone-containing medication
- Excess weight
- Standing or sitting for long periods
- Inactivity and smoking
- Previous vein problems
Pregnancy and varicose veins in women
In pregnancy blood volume increases and the growing womb presses on the large veins in the abdomen, which can make it harder for blood in the legs to return to the heart. Hormonal effects and this extra load on the venous system are among the reasons varicose veins are more common in women.
Why get them checked?
Untreated varicose veins can lead over time to leg swelling, itching, redness and brown skin discolouration. Superficial vein inflammation (thrombophlebitis) or bleeding from a varicose vein can also occur. People with symptoms are therefore advised to see a cardiovascular surgeon.
Related pages
Frequently asked questions
Are varicose veins hereditary?
A family history increases the tendency, but age, pregnancy, weight and lifestyle also play a role.
Can the risk be reduced?
Regular walking, weight control, avoiding long periods of inactivity and, when advised, compression stockings support vein health.
